Appetite versus Health: An Evolutionary and Neurobiological Analysis of the Modern Dietary Dilemma

The human appetite is a biological marvel, a finely tuned orchestra of sensory, hormonal, and neural signals honed over millions of years to solve one of life's most fundamental problems: acquiring the energy necessary for survival, growth, and reproduction. It is the engine of our existence. Yet, in the 21st century, this ancient and elegant system has become a primary driver of disease and a source of profound conflict. The modern world is rife with a tragic paradox: the very same innate drives that ensured our ancestors' survival are now imperiling our health. We are faced with a global pandemic of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic metabolic disorders—conditions that were vanishingly rare for the vast majority of human history.¹

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